4 Blocks - Frei ...
In this paper, we integrate Frei-Chen bases and Run Length Encoding techniques to achieve high compression factors and high quality decompressed images. The proposed method is applied to gray scale images, however, it can be extended to RGB images. Thus, Frei-Chen bases technique and the Modified Run Length Encoding (RLE) are applied to compress images. The Frei-Chen bases technique is applied at the first stage of compression in which the nine pixels, in most 3X3 blocks of image, are replaced by a single value that represents the average value of these pixels. Even though Frei-Chen bases technique provides lossy compression, it maintains the main characteristics of the image. Additionally, the Frei-Chen bases technique enhances the compression factor, making it advantageous to use. In the second stage, RLE is applied to further increase the compression factor. The goal of using RLE is to enhance the compression factor without adding any distortion to the resultant decompressed image. Integrating RLE with Frei-Chen bases technique, as described in the proposed algorithm, ensures high quality decompressed images and high compression rate.
4 Blocks - Frei ...
As mentioned earlier, Frei-Chen bases are masks that can be applied to an image after dividing it into subimages, blocks, of size 3X3. The projection of different Frei-Chen bases will represent specific characteristic for each subimage. The basis that results in the highest projection value represents the characteristic that best describes that block of the image [38]. This means that we can replace the nine pixel values with one value that corresponds to basis with the highest projection.
This means that the nine pixels which represent block B can be replaced by a single value that corresponds to the projection of w9. The first stage of compression can be summarized as follows:1.The original grayscale image I of size NXN is divided into blocks, B, of size 33.
After using Frei-Chen bases in the first stage, the resultant image will be an image that looks close to the original image. The only difference is that for those blocks at which the projection of w9 is the highest, the pixels values are replaced by a single value (X) which represents the average value of the nine pixels. Therefore, the image resulted from the first stage will contain many adjacent repeated pixels.
To reconstruct the image, a reverse two stage decompression algorithms will be applied. In the first stage, the vector resulted from the RLE algorithm will be used to reconstruct all blocks of the image.
The results of applying the first stage of the proposed compression algorithm using Frei-Chen bases is shown in Table 2. The compression ratio on all images was around 9. This is expected since in the first stage, we are replacing the nine pixels of the blocks in which the average subspace w9 is the highest with one value which is the average of all pixels. This means that if the projection of w9 into all the blocks is the highest, the compression ratio would be 9. In addition, in natural images, the adjacent pixels have very close values, which means that the projection of w9 basis will be the highest in most blocks. This also explains the reason of having compression ratio close to 9.
The grounds and most of the buildings at the sites of the Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau sites are open to visitors. Some buildings are not accessible to visitors (including the blocks reserved for the Museum administration and its departments). Please familiarize yourself with "the rules for visiting".
Study tour groups may visit Block 2 and 3 of the former Auschwitz I camp and wooden hospital barracks (B-80 and B-210) at the Auschwitz II-Birkenau camp. Block 2 and 3 are ones of so-called "reserve blocks" of the Museum, maintained and presented in their original condition. Since the liberation of the camp, the interior of the blocks has been preserved almost intact. It comprises rooms for prisoners, a washroom, toilets and other areas, furnished with original strawbeds, bunks and other elements of block furnishing.
Global Maya model. The model features the interarticulation between cross towers and perimeter blocks as well as the affiliation to the surrounding fabric. The correlation of global width to global height can also be observed.
Scripting calligraphy block patterns. Various scripts were developed that configure the perimeter blocks depending on parcel size, proportion and orientation. The script also allowed for random variations regarding the introduction of openings within blocks.
Further archival reading suggests that these specifications were important to the Cathers. In letters to Douglass Cather, Sherwood explains that difficulties with duties, exchange rates, and freight, have increased the cost of the memorial windows significantly yet there seems no evidence that substitutions were ever considered. Instead, Red Cloud became home to not just one, but eight of these beautifully detailed windows. In this way, Cather's love of European culture and art was brought home to Red Cloud, a tribute to her parents and old friends, and a gift to the town that inspired her so.
It takes an average of 10 minutes for the mining network to validate a block and create the reward. The Bitcoin reward is 6.25 BTC per block. This works out to be about 100 seconds for 1 BTC to be mined."}},"@type": "Question","name": "Is Bitcoin a Good Investment?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "Bitcoin has a short investing history filled with very volatile prices. Whether it is a good investment depends on your financial profile, investing portfolio, risk tolerance, and investing goals. You should always consult a financial professional for advice before investing in cryptocurrency to ensure it is right for your circumstances.","@type": "Question","name": "How Does Bitcoin Make Money?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "The Bitcoin network of miners makes money from Bitcoin by successfully validating blocks and being rewarded. Bitcoins are exchangeable for fiat currency via cryptocurrency exchanges and can be used to make purchases from merchants and retailers that accept them. Investors and speculators can make money from buying and selling bitcoins.","@type": "Question","name": "How Much Is $1 Bitcoin in U.S. Dollars?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "As of Nov. 22, 2022, $1 Bitcoin is equal to $15,766 U.S. dollars.","@type": "Question","name": "How Many Bitcoins Are Left?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "The total number of Bitcoins in existence is 19,214,106.25. The number of Bitcoins left to be mined is 1,785,893.8 as of Nov. 22, 2022."]}]}] What Is Bitcoin? How to Mine, Buy, and Use It Investing Stocks Bonds Fixed Income Mutual Funds ETFs Options 401(k) Roth IRA Fundamental Analysis Technical Analysis Markets View All Simulator Login / Portfolio Trade Research My Games Leaderboard Economy Government Policy Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy View All Personal Finance Financial Literacy Retirement Budgeting Saving Taxes Home Ownership View All News Markets Companies Earnings Economy Crypto Personal Finance Government View All Reviews Best Online Brokers Best Life Insurance Companies Best CD Rates Best Savings Accounts Best Personal Loans Best Credit Repair Companies Best Mortgage Rates Best Auto Loan Rates Best Credit Cards View All Academy Investing for Beginners Trading for Beginners Become a Day Trader Technical Analysis All Investing Courses All Trading Courses View All TradeSearchSearchPlease fill out this field.SearchSearchPlease fill out this field.InvestingInvesting Stocks Bonds Fixed Income Mutual Funds ETFs Options 401(k) Roth IRA Fundamental Analysis Technical Analysis Markets View All SimulatorSimulator Login / Portfolio Trade Research My Games Leaderboard EconomyEconomy Government Policy Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy View All Personal FinancePersonal Finance Financial Literacy Retirement Budgeting Saving Taxes Home Ownership View All NewsNews Markets Companies Earnings Economy Crypto Personal Finance Government View All ReviewsReviews Best Online Brokers Best Life Insurance Companies Best CD Rates Best Savings Accounts Best Personal Loans Best Credit Repair Companies Best Mortgage Rates Best Auto Loan Rates Best Credit Cards View All AcademyAcademy Investing for Beginners Trading for Beginners Become a Day Trader Technical Analysis All Investing Courses All Trading Courses View All Financial Terms Newsletter About Us Follow Us Facebook Instagram LinkedIn TikTok Twitter YouTube Table of ContentsExpandTable of ContentsWhat Is Bitcoin?Understanding BitcoinBitcoin's Blockchain TechnologyHow to Mine BitcoinHow to Buy BitcoinHow Is Bitcoin Used?Risks of Investing in BitcoinRegulating BitcoinBitcoin FAQsThe Bottom LineSponsored byWhat's this?ByJake FrankenfieldUpdated November 22, 2022Reviewed byJulius MansaFact checked byAmanda Jackson Fact checked byAmanda JacksonFull Bio LinkedIn Amanda Jackson has expertise in personal finance, investing, and social services. She is a library professional, transcriptionist, editor, and fact-checker.Learn about our editorial policiesJulie Bang / Investopedia 041b061a72